Towards a new entrepreneurial student activism

The month of June is knows in South Africa as "Youth Month" in extension of Youth Day which is celebrated on 16 June every year. The South African youth day reminds of the protests of black school learners in Soweto and other parts of the country against the imposition of Afrikaans as language of tuition in black schools. With these protests, known as the Soweto Uprising, the year 1976 marks a turning point in the history of the liberation struggle in South Africa. After over a decade of repression. Post-1959, that is, following the Sharpeville  and Langa Massacres where in a peaceful protest march against pass laws over sixty black civilians were killed brutally by the white police, an entire generation of freedom fighters in South Africa were incarcerated by the Apartheid regime, many liberation organisations banned, and the remaining leadership of the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, the Communist Party of South Africa, and others fled into exile. It was the trade union movement and the student movement - particularly the SA Students Organisation founded by Steve Biko and others - that revived the struggle in the early 1970s. The latter elaborated their political philosophy of Black Consciousness and thus inspired a new generation of young black South Africans to resist their apartheid classification, marginalisation, exploitation and exclusion. 

The University of Venda, under the leadership of the Department of Youth in Development and particularly my good friend and colleague, Dr Keamo Morwe, hosted the 2024 Youth Month Celebrations  on 17 June (one day after the actual youth day) with panel and plenary discussions, debates, and a luncheon. I was invited as guest speaker and guest panelist. 

In my public lecture to the assembled student and staff body I reflected on 'entrepreneurial student activism' as a form of activism that builds bridges between campus and community, student life and livelihoods, political agency and economic freedom. In this speech I drew on my experiences over twenty years ago as a student vice-president at the University of Cape Town, where as an SRC, we adopted a student entrepreneurship policy and developed several structures to support student entrepreneurship. These included "Student Enterprises" as a holding company for student-run businesses on campus, including the student bookshop; the "Student Research Institute" which provided training to students and offered student-led research consultancy to campus and community clients; as well as other student-run social enterprises like "SHAWCO and RAG", "Ufundo" and so forth. 

The Univen staff journalists summarised my lecture in their university magazine as follows:

"In his lecture, Prof Luescher explored the contemporary realities faced by today’s youth, including their struggles and triumphs. He also shed light on the unique perspectives and innovative solutions that young people bring to society. 

His talk sparked a lively and dynamic discussion among the students, who were inspired to reflect on the vital role of youth in shaping the future of our communities. 

Prof Luescher also stressed the critical role that young people play in driving leadership and entrepreneur-ship. In his public lecture, he underscored the importance of empowering youth to take on leadership roles and explore entrepreneurial opportunities, noting that their unique perspectives and innovative ideas can spur economic growth and promote social change."

I also reflected on the various ways in which student entrepreneurship was being supported nationally by Universities South Africa (USAf) and at the University of Venda. This led me to recite a 'found poem' called "Towards a student entrepreneurial training ground" to conclude my talk (see below).

Because Youth Day is all about student activism, Keamo and I brought the "Aftermath of #FeesMustFall" to Univen five years after we conducted our research there with students in 2019. While none of the original student participants in the Univen Photovoice project were available, it was amazing that there were former student activists at the Youth Day celebration who are depicted in the book "#FeesMustFall and its Aftermath" and we were extremely pleased to be able to gift them a copy of the book and hear their story of the photo and protests. 

Towards a student entrepreneurial training ground

I found this poem when I was reading the USAf Entrepreneurship Development in Higher Education (EDHE) programme, the national initiative for student entrepreneurship. I call it "Towards a student entrepreneurial training ground". It goes like this: 

The context: graduate and youth unemployment 
The resources: here at university
The goals: create enterprises, wealth and jobs

* * * 

Instilling the mind of the entrepreneur
with relevant knowledge, 
transferable skills 
financial literacy and
business principles
In every discipline, within and across.

Developing into entrepreneurial universities
With a supportive environment
Adopting and adapting 
Strategies and projects
through innovation and support.

* * * 

Four Cs throughout:
Concept and Competence 
Connections and Courage.

Concept: What will we do? What is the plan? How can we offer value?
Competence: Who knows what? What can we do? And what we need to learn?
Connections asks: Who’s who? Who does what? Who is our network and client?
Courage boldly moves ahead for: Why not now? Let’s get it done! Let’s persevere in struggle.

* * *

Academics and student affairs
embedding entrepreneurship 
in curriculum and co-curriculum
in pedagogies, methodologies, 
epistemologies, and ontologies
relevant to our context. 

Economically active
Taking ownership
to implement initiatives. 
to start a career here 
and generate income.

During and after campus
ending student poverty 
defeating unemployment 
crating livelihoods
as students and graduate entrepreneurs. 

T Luescher 2024

C4P: #FeesMustFall Ten Years On: A critical examination of the history, significance, and legacy of the 2015–16 student movement in South Africa

Abstracts/proposals of 300–500 words must be emailed to anyenyamnjoh@gmail.com by 15 June 2024 (please request an extension if needed). See the full call here. 

 In 2025, we commemorate the 10th anniversary of South African students’ calls for free decolonised higher education, propelled by digitally networked student movements and campaigns such as #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall. We invite scholars, higher education practitioners, (former) activists, participants and observers, and storytellers to contribute their insights, diverse perspectives, research, and reflections on the 2015/16 student moment, its aftermath, impacts, and significance. 

Anticipated themes / sections: 

• History, causes and conditions in which the movements emerged • Case studies of specific campus movements, campaigns and events • The strategies and tactics of the movements • Sustaining movements over time and wellbeing of activists • Solidarity, positionality and intersectionality • Translocal and international resonance of the movements • The conceptual and theoretical contributions of the movements • The political and policy impact of the movements • The methodological and pedagogical impact of the movements • The personal and biographical impact of the movements on individuals and groups • Critical self-reflections and autobiographies from activists 

Submissions can take the form of research articles; reflective practice accounts; creative writing; visual essays and art; autoethnographic, personal narratives and testimonials; transcripts; manifestos and declarations.

IASAS Global Summit - South Korea: What is the "Africa Cafe" research methodology?

Currently the Annual Global Summit of the International Association of Student Affairs and Services (IASAS) is underway in Daegu, South Korea. I am so proud that four of my close research colleagues and friends are there and present papers on which I am collaborating with them, even if I decided that I can't be in South Korea at this time.

Dr Lisa Bardill Moscaritolo, Dr Brett Perozzi and Prof Birgit Schreiber are presenting on our findings from the global survey on student affairs and sustainable development goals (SDGs). We have previously published on some of these findings. Here is the reference and access to the open access article:

Schreiber, B., Perozzi, B., Bardill Moscaritolo, L., and Luescher, T.M. (2024). Student Affairs and Services: The Global South Leading the Global North in the Adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of International Students, 14(2),91-104. Open Access.

Dr Keamo Morwe is presenting on the world cafe research methodology and the work we did together with student affairs practitioners and former student activists using this methodology. We are now starting to call our adaptation of this method "Africa Cafe" because we are using principles of African ethics and humanism like ubuntu and considerations of African ontology and epistemology in our adaptation of the methodology. We will spell this out in detail with examples based on our work on four university campuses in a forthcoming article.

Student Affairs promoting engaged and student-centred higher education

Towards community-engaged and student-centred universities

This  guest-edited  issue  of  the  Journal  of  Student  Affairs  in  Africa  (JSAA)  originates  in  conversations during the build-up to the National Higher Education Conference entitled ‘The  Engaged  University’,  which  was  organised  by  USAf  in  partnership  with  the  South  African  Council  on  Higher  Education  and  held  from  6  to  8  October  2021  (USAf,  2022).  The  special  JSAA  issue  was  originally  proposed  jointly  by  Dr  Bernadette  Johnson  (USAf  and University of the Witwatersrand) and Dr Amani Saidi (Council on Higher Education). 

Eventually, support for the special issue moved under the auspices of USAf and its Higher Education Leadership and Management (HELM) programme, and to the responsibility of Dr Oliver Seale, Prof. André Keet, and Dr Johnson, who asked Prof. Thierry Luescher and Dr Somarie Holtzhausen to act as guest editors of the issue. Here are some of the topics in  this  issue’s  articles  that  we  are  sure  will  generate much thinking, debate and further research in the sector.

Ubuntu in the practices of African graduates and students

A strong theme in this issue’s articles relates to learning relationships among students, relationships between graduates and wider society, and the conception of these relations in terms of ubuntu. With the article ‘“Giving back is typical African culture”: Narratives of  giveback  from  young  African  graduates’,  the  research  team  led  by  Alude  Mahali-Bhengu  at  the  Human  Sciences  Research  Council  makes  a  critical  intervention  in  our  understanding of African graduates’ social consciousness and the kinds of interventions that  foster  commitments  to  transformative  leadership,  community  engagement,  and  giving back to society even after students have left university. Drawing on a wide dataset from  across  several  African  countries,  they  show  how  African  graduates’  practices  of  giving  back  to  family,  community,  and  society,  change  over  time,  and  how  their  conceptions of give-back are evidence of a strong sense of ubuntu. 

Mikateko  Mathebula  and  Carmen  Martinez-Vargas  place  ubuntu  front  and  centre  in their conception of a capabilities-based framework for assessing the performance of higher  education  in  terms  of  supporting  student  well-being.  Analysing  data  from  two  longitudinal research projects with undergraduate students in South African universities, they  infer  that  ubuntu  underpins  the  ways  students  tend  to  relate  to  each  other  –  as  interdependent  partners  of  a  learning  community  –  while  at  university.  Considering  the  deeply  relational  ways  of  being  of  African  students  at  university,  Mathebula  and  Martinez-Vargas  advocate  for  embracing  an  African  indigenous  worldview  and  the  creation of conditions for students to be able to achieve the capability of ubuntu.

The articles by Mahali et al. and Mathebula and Martinez-Vargas strongly relate to each other: the former shows the results of deliberately fostering an ethic of give-back and  transformative  leadership  among  students  and  the  latter,  articulating  ubuntu  as  capability,  illustrates  how  students  ways  of  relating  on  a  daily  basis  already  evidence  an  ubuntu  ethic.  These  two  articles  are  followed  by  a  third  in  which  an  ubuntu  ethic  is  evident.  Dumile  Gumede  and  Maureen  Sibiya  analyse  the  self-care  practices  of  first-year  students  in  managing  stressors  during  the  COVID-19  pandemic.  They  use  digital  storytelling  as  data  collection  method.  Their  findings  show  that  first-year  students  engaged in a range of self-care practices across all the six domains of self-care whereby relational  self-care  was  the  most  fundamental  domain  that  underpinned  first-year  students’ well-being. They therefore recommend a student affairs self-care programme design  to  prevent  harm  and  support  adequate  self-care  which  should  include  social  involvement and relational engagement as fundamental principles. 

Technology and support for enhanced student engagement and success

Following the special COVID-19 issue of JSAA in 2021, the experience of the pandemic continues  to  inspire  research  that  gives  new  insights  into  students’  adaptation  and  resilience  to  fast  changes  in  the  culture  of  teaching  and  learning  and  the  place  of  technologically  enhanced  teaching  and  learning  in  African  universities.  Sonja  Loots,  Francois  Strydom  and  Hanlé Posthumus  have  analysed a large  set  of  qualitative  data  from  the  South  African  Survey  of  Student  Engagement  collected  during  the  pandemic.  They  explore  factors  that  support  student  learning  and  development  and  how  these  factors may be translated to enhance student engagement in blended learning spaces. Loots and her colleagues find that relational engagement (between students and their peers,  students  and  lecturers,  students  and  support  staff  and  administrative  staff,  and  even  students  and  the  learning  content)  is  central  to  the  student  learning  experience.  Learning technologies may enhance relational engagement if these platforms are used to create blended learning environments that support learning and development. 

Extended curriculum programmes (ECP) predate the pandemic and its ramifications on   students’   lives.   Such   programmes  were   developed   to   provide   promising,   yet   underprepared  students  with  the  necessary  foundations  to  achieve  success  in  higher  education.  The  question  of  how  students  in  extended  curriculum  programmes  can  be  better  supported  continues  to  concern  student  affairs  practitioners  like  Lamese  Chetty  and  Brigitta  Kepkey.  Their  article  explores  students’  interest  in,  awareness  and  utilisation  of  support  services  offered  as  part  of  an  extended  curriculum  programme  in  health  sciences.  Their  analysis  of  survey  and  qualitative  responses  of  the  first-year  students  showed  that  students  were  not  as  well  informed  as  they  should  be,  and  that  they accessed support services related to administrative, academic, and psychological/emotional or support needs much more frequently than those services related to other health needs or security services. It also showed that there remained a stigma around access to and use of certain support services. 

The  article  by  Rishen  Roopchund  and  Naadhira  Seedat  illustrates  how  a  voluntary  student  organisation   can   promote   student   well-being   and   engagement,   student-centredness  and  student  development.  Their  study  focuses  on  a  department-based  chemical  engineering  student  association  and  its  relationships  with  departmental  staff  members  and  other  university  departments  (such  as  community  engagement)  in  organising a range of student development and community engagement activities. The authors  propose  an  action  plan  for  the  association’s  future  improvement  and  growth,  which can serve as a template for other initiatives of this nature.

Equipping students for successful transitions into livelihoods

The article by Taurai Hungwe and colleagues, ‘Diaries of establishing an entrepreneurship incubator at a health sciences university’, recounts a range of challenges and experiences they  documented  in  the  process  of  establishing  an  entrepreneurship  incubator  to  support  student  entrepreneurial  development  at  a  health  sciences  university  in  South  Africa.  They  describe  and  critically  reflect  on  matters  such  as  the  funding,  staffing,  planning and operation of the incubation centre during its inception and building phase, and they consider the critical milestones they have reached and offer recommendations to others interested in embarking on such a journey. 

Entrepreneurship skills are often mentioned as increasingly important for students to  navigate  the  current  complex  world  of  work  and  develop  sustainable  livelihoods.  Nowhere  is  this  more  evident  than  in  the  article  by  Andrea  Juan  and  her  research  colleagues.   ‘Graduate   transitions   in   Africa:   Understanding   strategies   of   livelihood   generation  for  universities  to  better  support  students’  shows  that  the  notion  of  a  straightforward  transition  from  university  into  full-time  employment  is  not  the  typical  experience of African university graduates. Indeed, Juan and her colleagues found that such a path is accessible to only a minority of African graduates. For the majority, their post-graduation  livelihood  pathways  are  multidimensional  and  complex,  involving  any  combination  of  paid  employment  and  unpaid  work  (such  as  internships  or  home  care-giving), entrepreneurship ventures, further studies, and unemployment. They show how important it is for African universities to help graduates navigate the challenges of post-graduation  income  generation  and  diversification  by  developing  key  transferable  skills  and resources early, including entrepreneurship skills, and affording graduates continued access to career development support and other transition services on campus. 

Chanaaz  Charmain  January’s  contribution  deals  with  the  role  of  student  affairs  in  the  transformation  of  higher  education  and  student  success.  Against  her  development  of  a  framework  for  higher  education  transformation  that  blends  equity  and  excellence,  January discusses how student affairs can best contribute to student success. In a mini-case study, she discusses successful collaborations in the student residence sector at the University of Cape Town. She also shows how the transformation framework may cascade down to a diverse set of graduate attributes called ‘Student Learning Imperatives’. 

The full issue is available open access online at: www.jsaa.ac.za

Global South student affairs professionals lead the way in implementing SDGs in Higher Ed

 In an amazing twist, our research with student affairs and services professionals around the globe has found that practitioners in universities in the Global South are more knowledgeable about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and more readily conceptualise their work in SDG terms and implement/address certain SDGs in what they do.

The survey results from the work of Birgit Schreiber, Brett Perozzi, Lisa Bardill Moscaritolo and I has just been published in the Journal of International Students. 

The journal is open access and the article can be found here at OJS.  

Researching with and for Mastercard Foundation

The Mastercard Foundation has been in existence for less than two decades but is making great impact in African secondary and tertiary education. For almost five years now, the HSRC is working closely with MCF to study The Imprint of Education or lasting contribution of the educational opportunities and support afforded by the Foundation's Scholars Program to former beneficiaries. The HSRC's research involves thousands of former African recipients of Mastercard Foundation scholarships; university and NGO partners in the implementation of the Scholars Program; as well as experts from across the African higher education landscape. 

My contribution to date has been as a project 'learning activity' leader and liaison researcher for the Rwandan tertiary alumni cohort. The multi-million, multi-year project is divided into several sub-projects or learning activities, which includes a large-scale tracer study (surveys running for several years); in-depth interviews and other work (like social network interviews, annual self-reflections on goals and progress, and the like) with several hundred tertiary alumni across Africa; documentary and pod-cast production with and by alumni as well as the creation of a virtual museum; and reflective research on transformative leadership, social consciousness, post-education pathways, and so forth. 

My sub-project is forward-looking and asks: What are the developments, ruptures and innovations, in African higher education, that help us to (re-)imagine the African university?

I am working with a fantastic core team including Dr Angelique Wildschut, Prof. Crain Soudien and Ms Vuyiswa Mathambo, to mention but a few. We are supported in our work by Prof David Everatt (Wits), Prof Lebo Moletsane (UKZN), Prof Catherine Odora-Hoppers (Gulu), Dr James Otieno Jowi (Anie / East African Commuity), and several other HE experts. 

Among the main activities in our sub-project has been to interview a diversity of African higher education 'thought-leaders' - that is experts in different areas; persons with great insight and imagination - on the present and future of the African university. They include some of the most recognizable names in African higher education studies across different professions, disciplines, roles and contexts, including for example Prof Goolam Mohamedbhai, Prof Tade Aina, Prof Paul Zeleza, Prof Tshilidzi Marwala, Mr Rekgotsofetse Chikane, Prof Teboho Moja, Dr Birgit Schreiber, Prof Laura Czerniewicz, Prof Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Prof Achille Mbembe, Dr Doyin Atewologun, Prof Reitumetse Mabokela, Prof Cheryl de la Rey, Prof Madeleine Arnot, and so forth. 

The interview transcripts are freely available for download at https://hsrc.ac.za/our-research/learning-activity-4-reimagining-the-african-university/  and we have published short articles on all of these interviews in the Africa Edition (and Global Edition) of University World News Africa, co-authored by Mark Patterson and I. 

As the next big leap in this The Imprint of Education project, I am happy to announce that we are fast moving forward with compiling a fantastic book that captures the innovativeness in African higher education and shows what ideas and practices anticipate a new kind of African university, that is more relevant, decolonised, open, and excellent, than what any of us may be able to imagine. 

Towards 10 Years since #RhodesMustFall, #FeesMustFall: A lasting Legacy of Inclusion in Higher Education?

Between 2015 and 2017, South African higher education was engulfed by a wave of student protests demanding free decolonised African higher education. The coming 10-year anniversary of these protests provides an important opportunity to consider the aftermath and enduring significance of the student mobilisations known by hashtags like #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall. 

In order to consider the lasting legacy of the #MustFall movements in South Africa and their reverberations across the globe, including at Oxford University (UK) and in several universities across the USA, the Dr Anye Nyamnjoh and I convened in May a two-day research colloquium with early career higher education researchers who have researched the student movement. 

Among the participants were:

Back row, left to right: Lindokuhle Mandyoli (University of the Western Cape, SA), Taabo Mugume (University of the Free State, SA), Dr Leigh-Ann Naidoo and Dr Michael Smith (University of Cape Town, SA), Dr Josh Platzky-Miller (University of the Free State, SA), Mbalenhle Matandela (Sexual and Reproductive Justice Coalition, SA), Krystal Wang (Nelson Mandela University, SA), Wandile Ngcaweni (Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection, SA), and Dr A. Kayum Ahmed (Columbia University, NYC, USA).

Front row seated, left to right: Nobubele Phuza (Nelson Mandela University, SA) Dr Anye Nyamnjoh (University of Cape Town, SA), Dr Keamo Morwe (University of Venda, SA), Boikanyo Moloto (Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, SA) and Dr Thierry Luescher (Human Sciences Research Council and Nelson Mandela University, SA). 

A brief overview of some of the debates held at the colloquium has recently been published by University World News. 

Post-COVID-19: The new scope, role, and function of Student Affairs across the globe

Proudly showing off the book on the impact of Covid-19 in which a chapter on student affairs post-C-19 was published. It continues to be a privilege and fruitful relationship between Lisa Bardill Moscaritolo, Brett Perozzi, Birgit Schreiber and I, to work together on #COVID19 and SDG-related matters and Student Affairs. 

The chapter is called "Post-COVID-19: Renegotiating the Scope, Role, and Function of Support and Development for Students in Higher Education Across the Globe". 

The book edited by Rómulo Pinheiro, Elizabeth Balbachevsky, Pundy Pillay, and Akiyoshi Yonezawa overall shows how the Covid-19 pandemic caught higher education institutions by surprise. The book maps out the responses of higher education institutions to the challenges brought about by the pandemic. It brings together scholars from across the world. 

This book is open access and can be downloaded for free from the publisher.

Chapter: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-26393-4_16 

Full book: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-26393-4.pdf

10 years of research on student affairs in Africa

The Journal of Student Affairs in Africa just turned a full 10 years old. A lot of changes and innovations are accompanying this milestone. When JSAA was born in 2013, it wasn't quite with all the support we would have hoped. But over the last 10 years, the key people involved are without a doubt the 'triumvirate' of colleagues in the Editorial Executive, Dr Birgit Schreiber, Prof Teboho Moja and I, who in different ways made and are making the journal a success. The question is: who will be leading the journal through the next 10 years? 

Among the changes are the look and feel of the journal inside; additional information on article processing on the article front pages, and on ethics, conflict of interests and funding on their back pages.

Every article now has in addition to their English abstract and keywords the same in French. This opens the door to a more multilingual JSAA where authors can actually submit a second abstract and set of keywords in any official African language. 

JSAA is also launching a Community of Practice this year to expand this platform's impact on the development of research and publishing on student affairs in Africa as part of our aim to contribute to the professionalisation of student affairs.

And finally, we will have in the next issue the first JSAA Awards ever. 

The Journal is Open Access available at www.jsaa.ac.za and https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/jsaa/issue/view/312 

Universities and community engagement in secondary cities

A throwback to a great book launch in Kimberley (South Africa) last year, 2022. We launched the book "Universities, Society and Development. African Perspectives of University Community Engagement in Secondary Cities" published by Sun Press. Present from left to right are Prof. Jesmael Mataga (Dean of Humanities, Sol Plaatje University/SPU), the Vice-chancellor of SPU, Prof. Andrew Crouch, Dr Ntimi Mtawa (University of Dar es Salaam) and Dr Samuel Fongwa, then with the HSRC and now at the Council for the Development of Social Science Research (CODESRIA) in Senegal. And in the middle, speaking, yours truly.

The book was the outcome of an NRF-funded project that investigated community engagement at the new university in Kimberley, while also including other examples of successful and impactful community engagement of universities in secondary cities in Africa. The book is available open access from my academial.edu account. 

What is 'deep transformation' in South Africa's universities?

Following the recent release of the report on the state of transformation in South Africa's public universities, there have been several engagements with stakeholders and policy makers in the sector, including Universities South Africa (USAf) and its Higher Education Leadership and Management project, as well as the Council on Higher Education. The latter has taken over responsibility for monitoring transformation in the higher education sector from the Transformation Oversight Committee. 

Here is the link to an article in the Mail&Guardian.

Here to the same article in University World News.

And here is the link to the recording of the presentation at HELM Engage (USAf). 

University transformation under the microscope: searching for 'deep transformation'

The report of the national Transformation Oversight Committee (TOC) in South African higher education has just been published. The report has been prepared by a research team of the HSRC, led by me. For doing the analysis of annual reports of public universities, this team was truly the 'dream team', including Dr Sam Fongwa (who is a specialist on community engagement and higher education), Dr Bongiwe Mncwango (who is a specialist on skills development and higher education), Ms Zama Mthombeni (who is a specialist on university transformation), and Dr Thelma Oppelt (a specialist on higher education teaching and learning). 

The full report is available here. 

A short article on the report is published in University World News on 23 June 2023.

A Global Handbook of Student Politics

Congratulations to Dr Manja Klemencic on completing the amazing anthology "The Bloomsbury Handbook of Student Politics and Representation in Higher Education" with contributions from across the world. What a feature!

The book starts with an introduction by the editor, Manja Klemencic (Harvard University, USA) and a set of chapters on theoretical considerations. It then follows with empirical chapters on student politics and representation in an international comparative perspective from Africa, the Commonwealth, the Caribbean, Europe, Latin America, and so forth, as well as individual country chapters covering a wide range of countries. 

For more details see Manja's website at Harvard and Bloomsbury.